法氏囊在鸡淋巴细胞性白血病发生发展中的作用

用鸡淋巴细胞性白血病病毒ＲＡＶ－１株接种３５只１日龄伊莎鸡雏，于接毒后不同批次扑杀，采取法氏囊做组织学、免疫细胞化学、透射电镜观察。结果：接毒后１个月，法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞开始转化，接毒后２～５个月更明显，在法氏囊滤泡髓质区形成成淋巴细胞克隆增殖灶。接毒后６个月，法氏囊萎缩。生物素－亲和素（ＢＡ）法染色表明法氏囊一直存有病毒和群特异性抗原，以接毒后３～４个月含量最高。电镜观察，在接毒后１～４个月的实验鸡法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和网状细胞中观察到淋巴细胞性白血病（ＬＬ）病毒粒子。组织学、免疫细胞化学和电镜观察都表明法氏囊是该病的主要靶器官之一，法氏囊在鸡淋巴细胞性白血病的发生发展中起一定的作用     

禽胰多肽粗品对肉鸡生长及血液生长激素、甲状腺激素水平的影响

1日龄粤黄鸡128只 ,随机分为4组 ,在饲喂相同日粮的条件下 ,Ⅰ组饲饮自来水为对照组 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组饲饮禽胰多肽(APP)粗品溶液 ,剂量分别为0.58、1.16和2.32mg/只 d。试验期84d。结果表明 :(1)84日龄时 ,各试验组鸡只平均体重均高于对照组 ,其中Ⅱ组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(2)70日龄时 ,各试验组血浆GH水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05) ;(3)56日龄时 ,Ⅱ组血浆T4 浓度、Ⅲ组T3 浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。提示APP粗品可促进肉鸡生长 ,提高血液中GH、T4 和T3 的含量。     

An immunologist's perspective on nutrition,immunity, and infectious diseases: Introduction and overview

The immune system is a multifaceted arrangement of membranes (skin, epithelial, and mucus), cells, and molecules whose function is to eradicate invading pathogens or cancer cells from a host. Working together, the various components of the immune system perform a balancing act of being lethal enough to kill pathogens or cancer cells yet specific so as not to cause extensive damage to “self” tissues of the host. A functional immune system is a requirement of a healthy life in modern animal production. Yet infectious diseases still represent a serious drain on the economics (reduced production, cost of therapeutics, and vaccines) and welfare of animal agriculture. The interaction involving nutrition and immunity and how the host deals with infectious agents is a strategic determinant in animal health. Almost all nutrients in the diet play a fundamental role in sustaining an optimal immune response, such that deficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. Dietary components can regulate physiological functions of the body; interacting with the immune response is one of the most important functions of nutrients. The pertinent question to be asked and answered in the current era of poultry production is whether the level of nutrients that maximizes production in commercial diets is sufficient to maintain competence of immune status and disease resistance. This question, and how to answer it, is the basis of this overview. Clearly, a better understanding of the interactions between the immune signaling pathways and productivity signaling could provide the basis for the formulation of diets that optimize disease resistance. By understanding the mechanisms of nutritional effects on the immune system, we can study the specific interactions that occur between diet and infections. This mechanism-based framework allows for experiments to be interpreted based on immune function during an infection. Thus, these experiments would provide a “real world” assessment of nutritional modulation of immune protection separating immune changes that have little impact on resistance from those that are truly important. Therefore, a coordinated account of the temporal changes in metabolism and associated gene expression and production of downstream immune molecules during an immune response and how nutrition changes these responses should be the focus of future studies. These studies could be answered using new “-eomics” technologies to describe both the local immune environments and the host-pathogen interface.     

禽流感油乳佐剂疫苗质量快速检测方法的建立

通过对低温冻融法、研磨法、稀释高速捣碎法、95%乙醇法及三氯甲烷法破乳效果比较,确定三氯甲烷为油乳剂疫苗的破乳剂.将不同抗原含量的H9和H5亚型灭活与非灭活疫苗破乳后分离上层水相,采用红细胞凝集(HA)试验,测定其HA价,结果发现脱乳后上层水相与未做成油乳疫苗并做相应稀释的原液的HA价下降1～3个滴度,且将不同稀释度制备H5亚型疫苗经脱乳处理后上层水相的HA价与荧光定量PCR结果基本一致.所建立的禽流感油乳剂疫苗质量的检测方法具有快速、经济、简便,尤其适合于对大批量及基层应用.     

鸡尿酸盐沉积临床病理学实验研究

将２５６只３５日龄迪卡鸡随机分为对照、高蛋白Ⅰ、高蛋白Ⅱ、高钙和肾衰组，通过人工复制尿酸盐沉积病例，对禽痛风进行临床病理学研究。结果：（１）正常鸡血浆中约有０．１０７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的尿酸与大分子（蛋白质）结合，当血浆尿酸浓度升高时，结合尿酸的浓度不变，游离尿酸水平升高；（２）高蛋白饲料使饮水增多，血浆尿酸、ＮＰＮ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），而肾脏菊糖清除率与对照组（３．２７２μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ－１）差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），剖检未见痛风病变；（３）日粮高钙使采食量下降，增重降低，血浆钙、尿酸、ＮＰＮ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），肾菊糖清除率（２．７０９μｇ／ｋｇ．ｍｉｎ－１）与对照组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但死亡鸡中３／１１见肾和输尿管内有较多尿酸盐沉积；（４）肾脏损害使血浆尿酸、ＮＰＮ升高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），Ｎａ＋、总蛋白降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），肾菊糖清除率显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），死亡鸡中１９／２７有明显肾脏肿大、肾和输尿管内沉积大量尿酸盐。     

实验感染肉鸡组织中J亚群禽白血病病毒的抗原定位

从实验感染J亚群禽白血病病毒(ALVJ)的髓细胞性白血病肉鸡病例中,选取典型病例,用J亚群禽白血病病毒单克隆抗体通过免疫酶组化试验对不同组织进行了抗原定位观察。结果显示:在实验感染阳性肉鸡体内实质组织细胞及瘤细胞的核膜和细胞浆里可见不同程度的棕黄色阳性反应,可为探讨ALVJ对体内组织细胞的嗜性提供依据。     

Maternal Antibody Protected Chicks from Growth Retardation and Immunosuppression Induced by Early Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Infection

To determine if the maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with cell culture-adapted reticuloendotheliosis virus （REV） could protect chicks from early REV infection, one-day-old chicks with or without anti-REV maternal antibodies were inoculated with REV, and then their growth rates and antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus （NDV） and avian influenza virus （AIV）, after vaccination with inactivated vaccines, were compared. This study indicated that REV infection could cause growth retardation and severely inhibit immune reactions to inactivated vaccines against NDV and Avian influenza virus （AIV, H9 and H5） in one-day-old broilers without maternal antibodies specific to REV. Maternal antibody from breeders vaccinated with an attenuated REV vaccine effectively protected REV-challenged birds from growth retardation and immunosuppression on antibody reactions to NDV and AIV vaccines. Four weeks after vaccination, the HI titers to NDV, AIV-H9, and AIV-H5 in maternal antibody positive and negative groups were 3.36 ＋- 2.04 versus 1.58± 1.69 （P〈0.01）, 6.27±3.87 versus 0.71 ± 1.60 （P〈0.01）, and 6.72±3.92 versus 0.54± 1.44 （P〈0.01）. Maternal antibodies from breeders vaccinated with REV vaccine could successfully protect chicks from REV infection and effectively prevent REV-induced growth retardation and immunosuppression in antibody responses to NDV and AIV.     

肉鸡及其鸡胚中CAV和ALV的PCR检测

应用PCR技术对山东省3个中小型AA肉种鸡场的鸡胚、1日龄雏鸡和子代肉鸡CAV和ALV的感染情况进行了检测。用相同的方法直接采集样品的不同组织提取2种病毒DNA,进行PCR扩增及PCR产物的克隆和序列测定。结果表明:被检的3个肉种鸡场均有这2种病毒的感染,其中CAV的阳性率24.22%,ALV的阳性率17.56%,二者共感染的阳性率8.89%。感染鸡各组织中病毒含量也有差异,CAV以脾脏最多,ALV以肾脏最多。对肝脏进行细菌分离培养,并对40日龄商品肉鸡进行ND血凝抑制(HI)抗体效价检测,发现大肠杆菌等细菌感染阳性率较高,ND-HI抗体效价显著偏低。说明该地区肉种鸡场和商品鸡场均存在严重的CAV和ALV感染以及与细菌性疾病的共感染,并导致鸡只的机体免疫力下降。     

免疫禽脑脊髓炎弱毒疫苗后肉种鸡琼扩抗体的动态变化

为探讨肉种鸡免疫禽脑脊髓炎(AE)弱毒疫苗的抗体变化规律及其与后裔雏鸡对禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)易感性的相互关系，本研究用琼脂扩散试验对14周龄免疫禽脑脊髓炎(AE)弱毒疫苗的5群艾维茵父母代肉种鸡，其中1群于34周龄加免AE油乳剂灭活苗，从20至60周龄对其AE抗体进行动态监测。结果发现：1)单免弱毒疫苗的4群种鸡，其AE抗体阳性率呈双低谷曲线变化规律，32周龄之前较高，为95％～83.4％；36～40周龄降至67.5％～71．1％，最低可至56．7％；44周龄转而升至80％以上，48～52周龄再度降至59．1％～67．5％：56周龄以后又呈上升(84．2％)。2)AE抗体低谷期间种鸡产蛋率明显降低，其后裔雏鸡AE母源抗体明显降低，而且衰减快。14日龄颈部皮下注射AEV Van Roekel，50％的雏鸡在攻毒后13d发生AE。有些雏鸡在14～21日龄自然发生AE。3)加免AE油乳剂灭活苗可避免种鸡AE抗体低谷期的出现。以上结果表明，在我国养鸡实际生产中种鸡开产前免疫1次AE弱毒疫苗，不足以为整个产蛋期提供有效保护，AE弱毒疫苗和灭活油苗联合应用是预防AE的有效措施。     

H5型高致病性禽流感免疫抗体监测及免疫效果分析

[目的]为了评估目前临床上大量免疫高致病性禽流感疫苗的免疫效果和质量。[方法]利用翅静脉法在127个养鸡场2、2个养鸭场、2个养鹅场1、个养鸽场采集血样,通过血凝抑制试验对H5型高致病性禽流感抗体进行监测,并分析免疫效果。[结果]5个养鸡场免疫不合格,8个养鸭场免疫不合格(主要为肉鸭场),2个养鹅场和1个养鸽场均免疫合格。抗体合格率为88.05%,免疫合格场达91.40%[。结论]雏鸡的最佳首免时间应为2周左右。经2次免疫接种的禽类保护力很高,免疫有效期可达4~6个月。